Khalid ibn al walid biography template

Among his greatest achievements was the conquest of Mesopotamia and Syria from the Romans which happened within three years between and Miller et al.

Khalid ibn al walid biography template

Khalid fought many battles than any other person in the Muslim army and worn them all although his adversaries were better equipped. He acquired more wealth especially from the Persian and Roman generals but he distributed it all in his generosity and it did not last long. He remained unconquered in more than a hundred battles. He was congratulated by Bakr because of his success and was later allowed to Byzantine in Syria where he was supposed to instruct the Islamic armies in A.

Under his command, the Muslims were able to attack the army for the Romans. He had many wives and children and his house hold was full of slaves and servants who relied on him. He also gave gifts and tokens to his best soldiers and so his khalid ibn al walid biography template never stayed for long Akram Khalid ibn al-Walid is perhaps one of the most respected, honored and recognized military leaders of the early years during the Islamic expansion.

His burial tomb in the city of Hims in Syria was rebuilt in the 19 th century and a huge mosque and a learning centre were built there in his memory. He is believed to be one of the most important assistants and commanders of the prophet Mehar Mehar, Ahmed. Al-Islam: Inception to Conclusion. Bloomington, IN: 1stBooks, Khalid Ibn Al-Walid.

Nicolle David. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, Khalid Ibn Al Walid. Sample Details. Mehar 12 His clan was in charge of war and they took care and trained war horses. Khalid was also a lavish spender and a very generous man and this would later get him into trouble Mehar When he reached maturity Khalid became obsessed with war and he made up his mind to learn every art of fighting there was, soon he was among the greatest warriors in his tribe and in the whole of Arabia.

Works Cited Mehar, Ahmed. Akram, Ahmed. The sword of Allah, Khalid Bin Waleed. Cite This paper. You're welcome to use this sample in your assignment. Web icon An illustration of a computer application window Wayback Machine Texts icon An illustration of an open book. Texts Video icon An illustration of two cells of a film strip.

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Please see your browser settings for this feature. Following a series of setbacks in her conflict with rival Tamim factions, Sajah joined the strongest opponent of the Muslims: Musaylimathe leader of the sedentary Banu Hanifa tribe in the Yamama[ 35 ] [ 37 ] the agricultural eastern borderlands of Najd. After his victories against the Bedouin of Najd, Khalid headed to the Yamama with warnings of the Hanifa's military prowess and instructions by Abu Bakr to act severely toward the tribe should he be victorious.

Kister dismisses the much larger figures cited by most of the early Muslim sources as exaggerations. In the fourth assault against the Hanifa, the Muhajirun under Khalid and the Ansar under Thabit killed a lieutenant of Musaylima, who subsequently fled with part of his army. Khalid assigned a Hanifite taken captive early in the campaign, Mujja'a ibn al-Murara, to assess the strength, morale and intentions of the Hanifa in their Yamama fortresses in the aftermath of Musaylima's slaying.

Khalid's terms with the Hanifa entailed the tribe's conversion to Islam and the surrender of their arms and armor and stockpiles of gold and silver. According to Lecker, Mujja'a's ruse may have been invented by the Islamic tradition "in order to protect Khalid's policy because the negotiated treaty The traditional sources place the final suppression of the Arab tribes of the Ridda wars before Marchthough Caetani insists the campaigns must have continued into A number of the early Islamic sources ascribe a role for Khalid on the Bahrayn front after his victory over the Hanifa.

Shoufani deems this improbable, while allowing the possibility that Khalid had earlier sent detachments from his army to reinforce the main Muslim commander in Bahrayn, al-Ala al-Hadhrami. The Muslim war efforts, in which Khalid played a vital part, secured Medina's dominance over the strong tribes of Arabia, which sought to diminish Islamic authority in the peninsula, and restored the nascent Muslim state's prestige.

With the Yamama pacified, Khalid marched northward toward Sasanian territory in Iraq lower Mesopotamia. The focus of Khalid's offensive was the western banks of the Euphrates river and the nomadic Arabs who dwelt there. From Ubulla's vicinity, Khalid marched up the western bank of the Euphrates where he clashed with the small Sasanian garrisons who guarded the Iraqi frontier from nomadic incursions.

Al-Hira's capture was the most significant gain of Khalid's campaign. During the engagements in and around al-Hira, Khalid received key assistance from al-Muthanna ibn Haritha and his Shayban tribe, who had been raiding this frontier for a considerable period before Khalid's arrival, though it is not clear if al-Muthanna's earlier activities were linked to the nascent Muslim state.

Khalid continued northward along the Euphrates valley, attacking Anbar on the east bank of the river, where he secured capitulation terms from its Sasanian commander. Athamina doubts the Islamic traditional narrative that Abu Bakr directed Khalid to launch a campaign in Iraq, citing Abu Bakr's disinterest in Iraq at a time when the Muslim state's energies were focused principally on the conquest of Syria.

According to Fred Donnerthe subjugation of Arab tribes may have been Khalid's primary goal in Iraq and clashes with Persian troops were the inevitable, if incidental, result of the tribes' alignment with the Sasanian Empire. The extent of Khalid's role in the conquest of Iraq is disputed by modern historians. Stephen Humphreys[ 89 ] while Khalid Yahya Blankinship calls it "too one-sided All early Islamic accounts agree that Khalid was ordered by Abu Bakr to leave Iraq for Syria to support Muslim forces already present there.

Most of these accounts hold that the caliph's order was prompted by requests for reinforcements by the Muslim commanders in Syria. The chronological sequence of events after Khalid's operations in Ayn al-Tamr is inconsistent and confused. One of the operations was against Dumat al-Jandal and the other against the Namir and Taghlib tribes present along the western banks of the upper Euphrates valley as far as the Balikh tributary and the Jabal al-Bishri mountains northeast of Palmyra.

In the Dumat al-Jandal campaign, Khalid was instructed by Abu Bakr or requested by one of the commanders of the campaign, al-Walid ibn Uqbato reinforce the lead commander Iyad ibn Ghanm 's faltering siege of the oasis town. Its defenders were backed by their nomadic khalid ibn als walid biography template from the Byzantine-confederate tribes, the GhassanidsTanukhidsSalihidsBahra and Banu Kalb.

The historians Michael Jan de Goeje and Caetani dismiss altogether that Khalid led an expedition to Dumat al-Jandal following his Iraqi campaign and that the city mentioned in the traditional sources was likely the town by the same name near al-Hira. The starting point of Khalid's general march to Syria was al-Hira, according to most of the traditional accounts, with the exception of al-Baladhuri, who places it at Ayn al-Tamr.

Excluding the above-mentioned operations in Dumat al-Jandal and the upper Euphrates valley, the traditional accounts agree on only two events of Khalid's route to Syria after the departure from al-Hira: the desert march between Quraqir and Suwa, and a subsequent raid against the Bahra tribe at or near Suwa and operations which resulted in the submission of Palmyra; otherwise, they diverge in tracing Khalid's itinerary.

In the first Palmyra—Damascus itinerary, Khalid marches upwards along the Euphrates—passing through places he had previously reduced—to Jabal al-Bishri and from there successively moves southwestwards through Palmyra, al-Qaryatayn and Huwwarin before reaching the Damascus area. The desert march is the most celebrated episode of Khalid's expedition and medieval Futuh 'Islamic conquests' literature in general.

Arab sources marvelled at his [Khalid's] endurance; modern scholars have seen him as a master of strategy. The historian Ryan J. Lynch deems Khalid's desert march to be a literary construct by the authors of the Islamic tradition to form a narrative linking the Muslim conquests of Iraq and Syria and presenting the conquests as "a well-calculated, singular affair" in line with the authors' alleged polemical motives.

Most traditional accounts have the first Muslim armies deploy to Syria from Medina at the beginning of 13 AH early spring It most likely occurred in the autumn ofwhich better conforms with the anonymous Syriac Chronicle ofwhich dates the first clash between the Muslim armies and the Byzantines to February Khalid was appointed supreme commander of the Muslim armies in Syria.

Khalid reached the meadow of Marj Rahit north of Damascus after his army's trek across the desert. Khalid and the Muslim commanders headed west to Palestine to join Amr as the latter's subordinates in the Battle of Ajnadaynthe first major confrontation with the Byzantines, in July. The remnants of the Byzantine forces from Ajnadayn and Fahl retreated north to Damascus, where the Byzantine commanders called for imperial reinforcements.

Several traditions relate the Muslims' capture of Damascus. Caetani cast doubt about the aforementioned traditions, while the orientalist Henri Lammens substituted Abu Ubayda with Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan. In the versions of the Syriac author Dionysius of Tel Mahre d. Khalid accepted and ordered the drafting of a capitulation agreement. Although the accounts cited by al-Waqidi d.

In the spring ofKhalid withdrew his forces from Damascus to the old Ghassanid capital at Jabiya in the Golan. Kaegi writes the Byzantines "probably enjoyed numerical superiority" with 15,—20, or more troops, [ ] and John Walter Jandora holds there was likely "near parity in numbers" between the two sides with the Muslims at 36, men including 10, from Khalid's army and the Byzantines at about 40, The Byzantine army set up camp at the Ruqqad tributary west of the Muslims' positions at Jabiya.

Khalid split his cavalry into two main groups, each positioned behind the Muslims' right and left infantry wings to protect his forces from a potential envelopment by the Byzantine heavy cavalry. The Byzantines pursued the Muslims into their camp, where the Muslims had their camel herds hobbled to form a series of defensive perimeters from which the infantry could fight and which Byzantine cavalries could not easily penetrate.

The infantry was subsequently routed. The Byzantine cavalry, meanwhile, had withdrawn north to the area between the Ruqqad and Allan tributaries. Jandora credits the Muslim victory at Yarmouk to the cohesion and "superior leadership" of the Muslim army, particularly the "ingenuity" of Khalid, in comparison to the widespread discord in the Byzantine army's ranks and the conventional tactics of Theodorus, which Khalid "correctly anticipated".

Khalid was retained as supreme commander of the Muslim forces in Syria between six months and two years from the start of Umar's caliphate, depending on the source. Shaban acknowledges the enmity but asserts it had no bearing on the caliph's decision. Hitti have proposed that Khalid was ultimately dismissed because the Muslim gains in Syria in the aftermath of Yarmouk required the replacement of a military commander at the helm with a capable administrator such as Abu Ubayda.

Athamina doubts all the aforementioned reasons, arguing the cause "must have been vital" at a time when large parts of Syria remained under Byzantine control and Heraclius had not abandoned the province. After Medina's entreaties to the leading confederates, the Ghassanids, were rebuffed, relations were established with the Kalb, Judham and Lakhm.

Abu Ubayda and Khalid proceeded from Damascus northward to Homs called Emesa by the Byzantines and besieged the city probably in the winter of — John was reserved for Muslim use, and abandoned houses and gardens were confiscated and distributed by Abu Ubayda or Khalid among the Muslim troops and their families.